[1] McCloskey,‘Economics Science:A Search through the Hyperspace of As-sumptions’(1991),11.
[2] Morgan,The World in the Model(2012),ch.5.
[3] ‘Neoclassical’:The economics of Adam Smith,David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill(classical economics,c.1770-1870)reckoned economic value by the cost of production.Its‘neoclassical’successors(from the 1870s onwards,including W.S.Jevons,Vilfredo Pareto,Alfred Marshall,Paul Samuelson)measured it by willingness to pay.
[4] Robinson,Economic Philosophy(1962),79.On her entitlement to the prize,see 136-137,below.
[5] Boumans,‘Built-in Justification’(1999),93.
[6] In substantive agreement with Syll,On the Use and Misuse of Theories and Models(2015).
[7] Introduction,above,3.
[8] Smith,‘Digression Concerning the Corn Trade’,Wealth of Nations(1776/1976),IV.5.b 1-9,524-528.
[9] Offer,‘Self-interest,Sympathy and the Invisible Hand’(2012).
[10] Precursors,Ingrao and Israel,The Invisible Hand(1990),chs.2-3.
[11] Creedy,‘Some Recent Interpretations’(1980);Humphrey,‘Early History of the Box Diagram’(1996).
[12] Blaug,Economic Theory in Retrospect(1997),570-595.
[13] Historical survey and analysis,Ingrao and Israel,The Invisible Hand(1990).
[14] Rizvi,‘The Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu Results’(2006);Fisher,‘The Stability of General Equilibrium’(2011).
[15] Hahn,‘Reflections on the Invisible Hand’(1982/1984),121;Arrow,‘Ra-tionality of Self and Others in an Economic-System’(1986),S393.
[16] Hahn,‘On the Notion of Equilibrium in Economics’(1973/1984),52.
[17] Stiglitz,Whither Socialism(1994),ch.2.
[18] Humphrey,‘Early History of the Box Diagram’(1996).
[19] Lucas,‘What Economists Do’(1988),5.
[20] Ibid.,5.
[21] Lucas,‘Methods and Problems in Business Cycle Theory’(1980),697.
[22] McCloskey,‘Economic Science:A Search through the Hyperspace of Assump-tions’(1991),13;King,The Microfoundations Delusion(2012),ch.2.
[23] For example,Tovar,‘DSGE Models and Central Banks’(2008),18.
[24] von Neumann,‘Method in the Physical Sciences’(1955),492.
[25] Demsetz,‘Information and Efficiency’(1969),1.
[26] Schumpeter,History of Economic Analysis(1954),472-473.
[27] Lucas,‘Methods and Problems’(1980),700;Lucas,Lectures on Economic Growth(2002),21.
[28] Lucas,‘Methods and Problems’(1980),709;FORTRAN is a formerly per-vasive computer coding language.
[29] Forder,Macroeconomics and the Phillips Curve Myth(2014),argues that ne-oliberal critics misrepresented Keynesian policies.
[30] Modigliani,‘The Monetarist Controversy Revisited’(1988/1997);Mayer,‘The Twilight of the Monetarist Debate’(1990).
[31] Coase,‘The Institutional Structure of Production’,Nobel Lecture 1991.Nobel Lectures(delivered by NPWs usually a day or two after the prize ceremony)are cited henceforth with title and year.They are available at http://no-belprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/index.html,and are mostly reprinted in an irregular series of variously edited volumes entitled Eco-nomic Sciences with dates.
[35] Freeth,The Antikythera Mechanism(2008);Freeth et al.,‘Calendars with Olympiad Display’(2008);Marchant,Decoding the Heavens(2008);Freeth,‘Decoding an Ancient Computer’(2009).
[36] Allais,‘An Outline of My Main Contributions’,Nobel Lecture 1988,243.
[37] Evans and Honkapohja,‘An Interview with Thomas Sargent’(2005),566.
[38] Kirman,‘Whom and What Does the Representative Individual Represent?’ (1992);Rizvi,‘The Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu Results after Thirty Years’(2006).
[39] Kirman,‘Whom or What Does the Representative Individual Represent?’(1992);Hartley,The Representative Agent(1997);Kincaid,Individualism and the Unity of Science(1997);Hoover,Methodology of Empirical Macro-economics(2001),ch.3;Duarte,Microfoundations Considered(2012);Janssen,Microfoundations(2012);King,The Microfoundations Delusion(2012);Syll,Use and Misuse of Theories and Models(2015),ch.3.
[40] Hoover,The New Classical Microeconomics(1998),224-230,241-244.
[41] Hahn,‘Macroeconomics and General Equilibrium’(2003),206.
[42] Caballero,‘Macroeconomics after the Crisis’(2010),89.
[43] Frydman and Phelps,‘Introduction’(1983),26;Frydman,‘Towards an Un-derstanding of Market Processes’(1982);Arrow,‘Rationality of Self and Others’(1986),S393.
[44] Macfarquar,‘The Deflationist’(2010).
[45] Davidson,‘Reality and Economic Theory’(1996).
[46] Favero and Hendry,‘Testing the Lucas Critique’(1992);Ericsson and Irons,‘The Lucas Critique in Practice’(1995);Linde,‘Testing for the Lucas Critique’(2001);Hendry,‘Forecast Failures,Expectations Formation and the Lucas Critique’(2002).
[47] Grimes,‘Four Lectures on Central Banking’(2014),4-37.
[48] Stiglitz,‘The Invisible Hand and Modern Welfare Economics’(1991),35.
[49] Klamer,The New Classical Macroeconomics(1984),49.
[50] Sent,Evolving Rationality of Rational Expectations(1998),1-11.
[51] Watson,‘Measures of Fit for Calibrated Models’(1993);Hoover,‘Facts and Artifacts’(1995);Hansen and Heckman,‘Empirical Foundations of Calibration’(1996);Carlaw and Lipsey,‘Does History Matter?’(2012).
[52] Evans and Honkapohja,‘Interview with Thomas Sargent’,568-569.
[53] Sargent and Velde,The Big Problem of Small Change(2002).
[54] Lucas,‘Methods and Problems in Business Cycle Theory’(1980),701.
[56] Woodford,Interest and Prices(2003);Smets and Wouters,‘Estimated Dy-namic Stochastic General Equilibrium’(2003).
[57] Chari,‘Statement of V.V.Chari’(2010),32.
[58] Gürkaynak et al.,‘Do DSGE Forecast More Accurately’(2013).
[59] Tovar,‘DSGE Models and Central Banks’(2008),quotes,2,18;Schorf-heide,‘Estimation and Evaluation of DSGE Models’(2011).
[60] Marchionatti and Sella,‘Is Neo-Walrasian Macroeconomics a Dead End?’(2015),27.
[61] Bachman,‘What Economic Forecasters Really Do’(1996);Smith,‘The Most Damning Criticism of DSGE’(2014),including comments by Daniel Bachman;Dou,‘Macroeconomic Models’(2015).
[62] Friedman,‘The Methodology of Positive Economics’(1953).
[63] Ball,‘Intertemporal Substitutions’(1990),706,lists several earlier empirical failures;Pollock and Suyderhoud,‘An Empirical Window on Rational Expec-tation Formation’(1992);Carter and Maddock,Rational Expectations(1984),141-143;Lovell,‘Tests of the Rational Expectations Hypothesis’(1986);Obstfeld and Rogoff,Foundations of International Macroeconomics(1996),625,cited in Frydman and Goldberg(below),28-29;Estrella and Fuhrer,‘Dynamic Inconsistencies’(2002);Frydman and Goldberg,Beyond Mechanical Markets(2005),ch.5.
[64] Modigliani,‘Life-Cycle,Individual Thrift and the Wealth of Nations’,Nobel Lecture 1985.
[65] Lucas,Studies in Business-Cycle Theory(1981),8.
[66] Hahn,‘Review of Beenstock’(1981),1036.
[67] Lucas,‘What Economists Do’(1988).
[68] Lucas,‘Macroeconomic Priorities’(2003).
[69] Klamer,The New Classical Macroeconomics(1984),52.
[70] Lucas,‘Macroeconomic Priorities’(2003),2.
[71] Straub and Werning,‘Positive Long Run Capital Taxation:Chamley-Judd Revisited’(2014).
[72] Lucas,‘Macroeconomic Priorities’(2003),1-2;‘Dubious’,see Hansen and Heckman,‘Empirical Foundations of Calibration’(1996),100.
[73] Lucas,‘Macroeconomic Priorities’(2003),1-2.
[74] Offer,‘Economy of Obligation’(2012);Offer,‘A Warrant for Pain’(2012).
[75] Lucas,‘The Industrial Revolution—Past and Future’(2014).
[76] Córdoba and Verdier,‘Lucas vs.Lucas:On Inequality and Growth’(2007).
[77] Rosenau,Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences(1992);Blaug,‘Why IAm Not a Constructivist’(1994),130.
[78] Heap,‘Post-Modernity and New Conceptions of Rationality’(1993);Cul-lenberg et al.,Postmodernism,Economics and Knowledge(2001);Amariglio and Ruccio,Postmodern Moments in Modern Economics(2003).
[79] McCloskey,The Rhetoric of Economics(1985);Knowledge and Persuasion in Economics(1994).
[80] Sims,‘Macroeconomics and Methodology’(1996),110;Athreya,Big Ideas in Macroeconomics(2015),13-14.
[81] Varoufakis,‘Deconstructing Homo Economicus?’(2012),393.
[82] Lucas,Models of Business Cycles(1987),section V.
[83] For example,Lucas,ibid.,31,61,105.
[84] Ibid.,69.
[85] See also Arrow,‘Rationality of Self and Others’(1986),S390.
[86] Lipsey and Lancaster,‘The General Theory of Second Best’(1956);Buiter,‘The Economics of Dr Pangloss’(1980),45.
[87] Kapeller,‘Some Critical Notes’(2010),332-334;Francis,‘The Rise and Fall of Debate in Economics’(2014);Fourcade et al.,‘The Superiority of Economists’(2015).
[88] Lucas,‘Methods and Problems’(1980),698;Lucas,‘Macroeconomic Prior-ities’(2003),1;also Klamer,The New Classical Macroeconomics(1984),50-51;Mankiw,‘The Reincarnation of Keynesian Economics’(1991),1.
[89] Fourcade et al.,‘The Superiority of Economics’(2015).
[90] Nisbett and Ross,Human Inference(1980),30-32.
[91] Carter and Maddox,Rational Choice(1984),142.
[92] Proctor,Cancer Wars(1995),8;Proctor and Schiebinger,Agnotology:The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance(2008);Pinto,‘Tensions in Agnotology’(2015).
[93] Mirowski,Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste(2013),ch.4;Krugman,‘What They Say versus What They Mean’(2013).
[94] Suskind,‘Faith,Certainty and the Presidency of George W.Bush’(2004).
[95] For example,Robert Clower and David Colander,in Snowdon and Vane,Conversations with Leading Economists(1999),188-189,212,214-215;Caballero,‘Macroeconomics after the Crisis’(2010).
[96] Hicks,Causality in Economics(1979),viii.
[97] Phelps,Frydman and Phelps,‘Introduction’(1983);Tobin,see Klamer,Conversations with Economists(1984),110-111;Arrow,‘Rationality of Selfand Others’(1986),S393;Modigliani,see Hirschman,Rhetoric of Reaction(1991),74;Hahn and Solow,A Critical Essay on Modern Macroeconomic Theory(1995);Sims,‘Macroeconomics and Methodology’(1996);Sims,‘Comment on Del Negro,Schorfheide,Smets and Wouters’(2006),2;Krugman,‘How Did Economists Get It So Wrong?’(2009).
[98] Solow,‘Reflections on the Survey’(2007),235;also Solow,‘The State of Macroeconomics’(2008).
[99] Solow,in US Congress,‘Building a Science of Economics for the Real World’(2010),12;also Solow,‘Dumb and Dumber in Macroeconomics’(2003/2009).