行为经济学和实验经济学起源于19世纪威廉·冯特(Wilhelm Wundt)和弗里德里克·勒普莱(Frédéric Leply)的心理学,已经因为授予西蒙的诺贝尔奖得到了荣誉。最重要的是,在过去20年中,经济学上的大量的实证转向、田野调查工作以及历史的“自然实验”,都是对均衡经济学的一种无声的抛弃,也是对“没有理论的测量”的回归(即只有统计推断)。虽然有挑战,但它从方法论上来说是一个简单的世界,在这个世界中,事实可以为自己发声,而且也许已经说得太多了。对这种扎实的工作作用的要求,托马斯·皮凯蒂在其所著的关于不平等问题,同时也是最畅销的《21世纪资本论》(Capital in the Twenty-First Century ,2014年)一书中已经阐述了。书中的理论是具有争议性的,而本书的说服力则来源于两个世纪之久的丰富的历史数据。
[3] Lönnroth et al.,‘Ekononomipriset Förminskar Värdet PåAlla Nobelpris’(2004);Local,‘Nobel Descendant Slams Economics Prize’(2005);Hen-derson,‘The Cuckoo.s Egg in the Nobel Prize Nest’(2006);Fullbrook,Real World Economics(2007),pt.2;Syll,‘Self-Righteous Drivel from Chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee’(2013);Nobel,‘Gökungen i Nobelprisen bo’(2010);Gabriel Söderberg Interview with Peter Nobel,22 November 2010;Rothstein,‘Ekonomipriset i Strid med Andan i Nobels Testamente’(2015).
[4] Solow and Krugman,above,chapter 1,40;eight NPWs,above,chapter 2,65-66.
[5] Alvaredo et al.,‘The Top 1 Percent in International and Historical Perspec-tive’(2013),7-9;OECD,Divided We Stand(2011),36-40;Brooks,The Great Tax Robbery(2013).
[6] OECD,‘Unit Labour Costs—Annual Indicators:Labour Income Share Ratios’(2012);ILO,‘G20 Labour Markets’(2014),fig.13,13.
[7] ILO,‘G20 Labour Markets’(2014),fig.6,6;Mishel,‘The Wedges between Productivity and Median Compensation’(2012).
[8] Bivens et al.,‘Raising America.s Pay’,31.
[9] Harberger,‘Three Basic Postulates for Applied Welfare Economics’(1971).
[10] Mankiw,Principles of Economics(2008),chs.1-2;Colander,The Making ofan Economist,Redux(2009).
[11] Chapter 1,above,19-20.
[12] Ruggles,‘Recent Developments in the Theory of Marginal Cost Pricing’(1949-1950),126.
[13] Heterodox,McCloskey,Rhetoric of Economics(1985);Lawson,Economics and Reality(1997);more orthodox,Hey,‘Rationality Is as Rationality Does’(1993);Rubinstein,Economic Fables(2012),34-36.
[14] Nagel,‘Listening to Reason’(2014);a review of Scanlon,Being Realisticabout Reasons(2014).
[15] Blaug,Methodology of Economics(1992),167.
[16] Varoufakis et al.,Modern Political Economics(2011),260-279.
[17] Myrdal,Political Element(1930/1990);Ruggles,‘Recent Developments in the Theory of Marginal Cost Pricing’(1949-1950);Little,A Critique of Welfare Economics(1950/1957);Lipsey and Lancaster,‘The General Theory of the Second Best’(1956).
[18] Chapter 11,above,246-258.
[19] Patinkin,Money,Interest,and Prices(1965),7,cited in Velupillai,Com-putable Economics(2000),33.
[25] Levy and Peart,‘Socialist Calculation Debate’(2008);Jael,‘Socialist Cal-culation and Market Socialism’(2015);chapter 6,above,128.
[26] Jael,‘Socialist Calculation and Market Socialism’(2015),11-15.
[27] Stiglitz,Whither Socialism?(1994),chs.2-3.
[28] Arrow,‘Rationality of Self and Others’(1986),S392.
[29] Lavoie,Rivalry and Central Planning(1985),23,108-111;Hayek,‘The Diffusion of Knowledge in Society’(1945),527.
[30] Stiglitz,Whither Socialism(1994),24-25.
[31] Offer,‘Why Is the Public Sector So Large in Market Societies ’(2003);idem,‘Economy of Obligation’(2012).
[32] Lindert,Growing Public(2004),II.
[33] Simon to Leijonhufvud and Velupillai,25 May 2000,in Velupillai,Comput-able Foundationsfor Economics(2010),409.
[34] Friedman,‘Positive Economics’(1953).
[35] Ross and Ward,‘Naïve Realism in Everyday Life’(1996);Pronin et al.,‘Objectivity in the Eye of the Beholder’(2004).
[36] Hibbing et al.,Predisposed:Liberals,Conservatives and the Biology of Polit-ical Differences(2014).
[37] What follows derives from Offer,‘Sympathy,Self-Interest and the Invisible Hand’(2012).
[38] Adam Smith,Theory of Moral Sentiments(1759/1792/1976),VI.ii.3.3.
[39] Ibid.,III.3.11.
[40] Bromley,‘The Ideology of Efficiency’(1990),89-91.
[41] Sugden,‘Can Economics Be Founded on“Indisputable Facts of Experi-ence?”(2009).
[42] Karacuka and Zaman,‘The Empirical Evidence against Neoclassical Utility Theory’(2012).
[43] Becker,The Economic Approach to Human Behaviour(1976),5.
[44] Harberger,‘Three Basic Postulates for Applied Welfare Economics’(1971).
[45] McLean,Public Choice(1987).
[46] Green and Shapiro,Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory(1994).
[47] Elster,‘The Nature and Scope of Rational-Choice Explanations’(2001).
[48] Mont Pèlerin Society,Proposals for Membership,September 1968,Mont Pèlerin Society Papers 44/1,Hoover Institution Archives;Mont Pèlerin So-ciety,‘List of Members’[1970],Friedman Papers 87/5,Hoover Institution Archives;Mont Pèlerin Society,list of lapsed members,1972,Friedman Papers 87/2.
[49] Hofstadter,Social Darwinism in American Thought(1955),especially ch.3on William Graham Sumner.
[50] Friedman,‘The Methodology of Positive Economics’(1953),13-14.
[51] MacPherson,Possessive Individualism(1962);MacGilvray,Invention of Market Freedom(2011).
[52] Brown,‘Free Enterprise and Economics of Slavery’(2010);idem,‘Adam Smith.s View of Slaves as Property’(2010).
[53] Introduction,3-4 above.
[54] Bentham,‘Principles of the Civil Code’(1838),309.
[55] Offer,Challenge of Affluence(2006),ch.3.
[56] Nelson,Reachingfor Heaven on Earth(1991);idem,Economics as Religion(2001).
[57] Kunstler,‘The Clash of Civilizations’(2015).
[58] Myrdal,Political Element(1953).
[59] Hayek,‘The Pretence of Knowledge’,Nobel Lecture 1974.
[60] Bok,Alva Myrdal(1991),151.
[61] Reinert and Daastel,‘The Other Canon’(2004).
[62] Chapter 2,above,56.
[63] Rosenberg,‘If Economics Is a Science,What Kind of Science Is It?’(2009).
[64] Arthur,‘Complexity Economics:A Different Framework for Economic Thought’(2013);idem,Complexity and the Economy(2014).
注释
在注释中,如果出现两个日期,第一个日期指最初的出版日期,第二个日期指所使用的版本日期。
第六章引用了比约克、奥弗尔和索德伯格(2014年)的研究素材。“时间序列引文数据:诺贝尔经济学奖”,来自《科学计量学》,98,1,185-196,并且已经得到了匈牙利布达佩斯施普林格科学+商业媒体CAkademiaiKiado线上媒体(Springer Science+Business Media CAkademiai Kiado,Buda-pest,Hungary 2013)的许可。